CSS Protips

A collection of tips to help take your CSS skills pro.

For other great lists check out @sindresorhus’s curated list of awesome lists.

Protips
Support
Translations
Contribution Guidelines

Protips

Use a CSS Reset
Inherit box-sizing
Use unset Instead of Resetting All Properties
Use :not() to Apply/Unapply Borders on Navigation
Check If Font Is Installed Locally
Add line-height to body
Set :focus for Form Elements
Vertically-Center Anything
Comma-Separated Lists
Select Items Using Negative nth-child
Use SVG for Icons
Use the “Lobotomized Owl” Selector
Use max-height for Pure CSS Sliders
Equal-Width Table Cells
Get Rid of Margin Hacks With Flexbox
Use Attribute Selectors with Empty Links
Style “Default” Links
Intrinsic Ratio Boxes
Style Broken Images
Use rem for Global Sizing; Use em for Local Sizing
Hide Autoplay Videos That Aren’t Muted
Use :root for Flexible Type
Set font-size on Form Elements for a Better Mobile Experience
Use Pointer Events to Control Mouse Events
Set display: none on Line Breaks Used as Spacing
Use :empty to Hide Empty HTML Elements

Use a CSS Reset

CSS resets help enforce style consistency across different browsers with a clean slate for styling elements. You can use a CSS reset library like Normalize, et al., or you can use a more simplified reset approach:

*,
*::before,
*::after {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}

Now elements will be stripped of margins and padding, and box-sizing lets you manage layouts with the CSS box model.

Demo

Note: If you follow the Inherit box-sizing tip below you might opt to not include the box-sizing property in your CSS reset.
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Inherit `box-sizing`

Let box-sizing be inherited from html:

html {
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

*,
*::before,
*::after {
  box-sizing: inherit;
}

This makes it easier to change box-sizing in plugins or other components that leverage other behavior.

Demo

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Use `unset` Instead of Resetting All Properties

When resetting an element’s properties, it’s not necessary to reset each individual property:

button {
  background: none;
  border: none;
  color: inherit;
  font: inherit;
  outline: none;
  padding: 0;
}

You can specify all of an element’s properties using the all shorthand. Setting the value to unset changes an element’s properties to their initial values:

button {
  all: unset;
}

Note: the all and unset shorthand isn’t supported in IE11.
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Use `:not()` to Apply/Unapply Borders on Navigation

Instead of putting on the border…

/* add border */
.nav li {
  border-right: 1px solid #666;
}

…and then taking it off the last element…

/* remove border */
.nav li:last-child {
  border-right: none;
}

…use the :not() pseudo-class to only apply to the elements you want:

.nav li:not(:last-child) {
  border-right: 1px solid #666;
}

Here, the CSS selector is read as a human would describe it.

Demo

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Check If Font Is Installed Locally

You can check if a font is installed locally before fetching it remotely, which is a good performance tip, too.

@font-face {
  font-family: "Dank Mono";
  src:
    /* Full name */
    local("Dank Mono"),
    /* Postscript name */
    local("Dank-Mono"),
    /* Otherwise, download it! */
    url("//...a.server/fonts/DankMono.woff");
}

code {
  font-family: "Dank Mono", system-ui-monospace;
}

H/T to Adam Argyle for sharing this protip and demo.
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Add `line-height` to `body`

You don’t need to add line-height to each , <h*>, et al. separately. Instead, add it to body:

body {
  line-height: 1.5;
}

This way textual elements can inherit from body easily.

Demo

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Set `:focus` for Form Elements

Sighted keyboard users rely on focus to determine where keyboard events go in the page. Make focus for form elements stand out and consistent than a browser’s default implementation:

a:focus,
button:focus,
input:focus,
select:focus,
textarea:focus {
  box-shadow: none;
  outline: #000 dotted 2px;
  outline-offset: .05em;
}

Demo

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Vertically-Center Anything

No, it’s not black magic, you really can center elements vertically. You can do this with flexbox…

html,
body {
  height: 100%;
  margin: 0;
}

body {
  -webkit-align-items: center;
  -ms-flex-align: center;
  align-items: center;
  display: -webkit-flex;
  display: flex;
}

…and also with CSS Grid:

body {
  display: grid;
  height: 100vh;
  margin: 0;
  place-items: center center;
}

Want to center something else? Vertically, horizontally…anything, anytime, anywhere? CSS-Tricks has a nice write-up on doing all of that.
Note: Watch for some buggy behavior with flexbox in IE11.

Demo

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Comma-Separated Lists

Make list items look like a real, comma-separated list:

ul > li:not(:last-child)::after {
  content: ",";
}

Use the :not() pseudo-class and no comma will be added to the last item.
Note: This tip may not be ideal for accessibility, specifically screen readers. And copy/paste from the browser doesn’t work with CSS-generated content. Proceed with caution.
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Select Items Using Negative `nth-child`

Use negative nth-child in CSS to select items 1 through n.

li {
  display: none;
}

/* select items 1 through 3 and display them */
li:nth-child(-n+3) {
  display: block;
}

Or, since you’ve already learned a little about using :not(), try:

/* select all items except the first 3 and display them */
li:not(:nth-child(-n+3)) {
  display: block;
}

Demo

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Use SVG for Icons

There’s no reason not to use SVG for icons:

.logo {
  background: url("logo.svg");
}

SVG scales well for all resolution types and is supported in all browsers back to IE9. Ditch your .png, .jpg, or .gif-jif-whatev files.
Note: If you have SVG icon-only buttons for sighted users and the SVG fails to load, this will help maintain accessibility:

.no-svg .icon-only::after {
  content: attr(aria-label);
}

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Use the “Lobotomized Owl” Selector

It may have a strange name but using the universal selector (*) with the adjacent sibling selector (+) can provide a powerful CSS capability:

* + * {
  margin-top: 1.5em;
}

In this example, all elements in the flow of the document that follow other elements will receive margin-top: 1.5em.
For more on the “lobotomized owl” selector, read Heydon Pickering’s post on A List Apart.

Demo

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Use `max-height` for Pure CSS Sliders

Implement CSS-only sliders using max-height with overflow hidden:

.slider {
  max-height: 200px;
  overflow-y: hidden;
  width: 300px;
}

.slider:hover {
  max-height: 600px;
  overflow-y: scroll;
}

The element expands to the max-height value on hover and the slider displays as a result of the overflow.
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Equal-Width Table Cells

Tables can be a pain to work with. Try using table-layout: fixed to keep cells at equal width:

.calendar {
  table-layout: fixed;
}

Pain-free table layouts.

Demo

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Get Rid of Margin Hacks With Flexbox

When working with column gutters you can get rid of nth-, first-, and last-child hacks by using flexbox’s space-between property:

.list {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
}

.list .person {
  flex-basis: 23%;
}

Now column gutters always appear evenly-spaced.
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Use Attribute Selectors with Empty Links

Display links when the <a> element has no text value but the href attribute has a link:

a[href^="http"]:empty::before {
  content: attr(href);
}

That’s pretty convenient.
Note: This tip may not be ideal for accessibility, specifically screen readers. And copy/paste from the browser doesn’t work with CSS-generated content. Proceed with caution.

Demo

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Style “Default” Links

Add a style for “default” links:

a[href]:not([class]) {
  color: #008000;
  text-decoration: underline;
}

Now links that are inserted via a CMS, which don’t usually have a class attribute, will have a distinction without generically affecting the cascade.
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Intrinsic Ratio Boxes

To create a box with an intrinsic ratio, all you need to do is apply top or bottom padding to a div:

.container {
  height: 0;
  padding-bottom: 20%;
  position: relative;
}

.container div {
  border: 2px dashed #ddd;
  height: 100%;
  left: 0;
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  width: 100%;
}

Using 20% for padding makes the height of the box equal to 20% of its width. No matter the width of the viewport, the child div will keep its aspect ratio (100% / 20% = 5:1).

Demo

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Style Broken Images

Make broken images more aesthetically-pleasing with a little bit of CSS:

img {
  display: block;
  font-family: sans-serif;
  font-weight: 300;
  height: auto;
  line-height: 2;
  position: relative;
  text-align: center;
  width: 100%;
}

Now add pseudo-elements rules to display a user message and URL reference of the broken image:

img::before {
  content: "We're sorry, the image below is broken :(";
  display: block;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
}

img::after {
  content: "(url: " attr(src) ")";
  display: block;
  font-size: 12px;
}

Learn more about styling for this pattern in Ire Aderinokun’s original post.
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Use `rem` for Global Sizing; Use `em` for Local Sizing

After setting the base font size at the root (html { font-size: 100%; }), set the font size for textual elements to em:

h2 {
  font-size: 2em;
}

p {
  font-size: 1em;
}

Then set the font-size for modules to rem:

article {
  font-size: 1.25rem;
}

aside .module {
  font-size: .9rem;
}

Now each module becomes compartmentalized and easier to style, more maintainable, and flexible.
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Hide Autoplay Videos That Aren’t Muted

This is a great trick for a custom user stylesheet. Avoid overloading a user with sound from a video that autoplays when the page is loaded. If the sound isn’t muted, don’t show the video:

video[autoplay]:not([muted]) {
  display: none;
}

Once again, we’re taking advantage of using the :not() pseudo-class.
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Use `:root` for Flexible Type

The type font size in a responsive layout should be able to adjust with each viewport. You can calculate the font size based on the viewport height and width using :root:

:root {
  font-size: calc(1vw + 1vh + .5vmin);
}

Now you can utilize the root em unit based on the value calculated by :root:

body {
  font: 1rem/1.6 sans-serif;
}

Demo

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Set `font-size` on Form Elements for a Better Mobile Experience

To avoid mobile browsers (iOS Safari, et al.) from zooming in on HTML form elements when a <select> drop-down is tapped, add font-size to the selector rule:

input[type="text"],
input[type="number"],
select,
textarea {
  font-size: 16px;
}

💃
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Use Pointer Events to Control Mouse Events

Pointer events allow you to specify how the mouse interacts with the element it’s touching. To disable the default pointer event on a button, for instance:

button:disabled {
  opacity: .5;
  pointer-events: none;
}

It’s that simple.
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Set `display: none` on Line Breaks Used as Spacing

As Harry Roberts pointed out, this can help prevent CMS users from using extra line breaks for spacing:

br + br {
  display: none;
}

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Use `:empty` to Hide Empty HTML Elements

If you have HTML elements that are empty, i.e., the content has yet to be set either by a CMS or dynamically injected (e.g., ) and it’s creating unwanted space on your layout, use the :empty pseudo-class to hide the element on the layout.

:empty {
  display: none;
}

Note: Keep in mind that elements with whitespace aren’t considered empty, e.g.,  .
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Support

Current versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Opera, Edge, and IE11.
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Translations

Note: I’ve had less time available to maintain the growing list of translated tips; adding a new tip requires including it with over a dozen translations. For that reason, translated README files may not include all the tips listed on the main README file.

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CSS Protips

Table of Contents

Protips

Use a CSS Reset

Inherit box-sizing

Use unset Instead of Resetting All Properties

Use :not() to Apply/Unapply Borders on Navigation

Check If Font Is Installed Locally

Add line-height to body

Set :focus for Form Elements

Vertically-Center Anything

Comma-Separated Lists

Select Items Using Negative nth-child

Use SVG for Icons

Use the “Lobotomized Owl” Selector

Use max-height for Pure CSS Sliders

Equal-Width Table Cells

Get Rid of Margin Hacks With Flexbox

Use Attribute Selectors with Empty Links

Style “Default” Links

Intrinsic Ratio Boxes

Style Broken Images

Use rem for Global Sizing; Use em for Local Sizing

Hide Autoplay Videos That Aren’t Muted

Use :root for Flexible Type

Set font-size on Form Elements for a Better Mobile Experience

Use Pointer Events to Control Mouse Events

Set display: none on Line Breaks Used as Spacing

Use :empty to Hide Empty HTML Elements

Support

Translations

Inherit `box-sizing`

Use `unset` Instead of Resetting All Properties

Use `:not()` to Apply/Unapply Borders on Navigation

Add `line-height` to `body`

Set `:focus` for Form Elements

Select Items Using Negative `nth-child`

Use `max-height` for Pure CSS Sliders

Use `rem` for Global Sizing; Use `em` for Local Sizing

Use `:root` for Flexible Type

Set `font-size` on Form Elements for a Better Mobile Experience

Set `display: none` on Line Breaks Used as Spacing

Use `:empty` to Hide Empty HTML Elements